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'AT,  URBANA-CHAMPA1GN 

AGRICULTURE 


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Circulating  copy 

Agricultural  Library 

BULLETIN  No.  71.  APRIL,  1896. 

ALABAMA 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station 

OP  THE 

Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College, 

AUBURN. 


EXPERIMENTS  WITH  FOREIGN  COTTON- 


IP.  PE.  IMIIEIjXj. 


MONTGOMERY,  ALA. : 

The  Brown  Printing  Company,  Printers. 
1896. 


COMMITTEE  OF  TRUSTEES  ON  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


I.  F.  Culver Union  Springs. 

J.  G.  Gilchrist Hope  Hull. 

H.  Clay  Armstrong Auburn. 


STATION  COUNCIL. 

Wm.  LeRoy  Broun 

P.  H.  Mell 

B.  B.  Ross 

L.  M.  Underwood 

C.  A.  Cary,  D.  V.  M 

J.  F.  Duggar, 

F.  S.  Earle 


President. 

Botanist. 

Chemist. 

Biologist. 

. .Veterinarian . 
. .Agriculturist. 
Horticulturist. 


ASSISTANTS. 


J.  T.  Anderson First  Assistant  Chemist 

C.  L.  Hare Second  Assistant  Chemist. 

R.  G.  Williams Third  Assistant  Chemist. 

T.  U.  Culver Superintendent  of  Farm . 


^Ig^The  Bulletins  of  this  Station  will  be  sent  free  to  any  citizen 
of  the  State  on  application  to  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 
Auburn,  Alabama. 


630,1 


Cjirotila^g  o°py  __ 

agricultural  Library 


/ 


EXPERIMENTS  WITH  FOREIGN  COTTON. 


BY 


P.  H.  MELL. 


Within  recent  years  much  attention  has  been  attracted  to 
foreign  cottons,  especially  those  of  India  and  Egypt,  because 
of  the  yearly  increased  importation  of  the  staple  into  this 
country.  It  is  claimed  by  a few  experts  that  the  fibre,  in 
some  respects,  is  superior  to  the  ordinary  “upland”  varie- 
ties grown  in  the  South,  and  that  there  is  danger  of  the  im- 
portation increasing  to  such  an  extent  as  to  seriously  injure 
the  trade  in  American  cottons.  The  Indian  cotton  is  gen- 
erally noted  for  its  rich  creamy  color,  its  ready  adaptabil- 
ity for  certain  dyes  and  the  property  the  thread  has  of 
swelling  in  the  process  of  bleaching,  so  that  the  cloth  made 
of  it  becomes  more  substantial  than  that  manufactured  from 
the  coarser  grades  of  American  cottons.  These  foreign 
staples  are  also  used  in  the  United  States  for  mixing  with 
the  low  grade  American  fibres  to  improve  their  color  and 
the  quality  of  the  cloth. 

Several  of  the  Experiment  Stations  in  the  South  have  cul- 
tivated some  of  the  varieties  of  the  cotton  from  India  and 
Egypt  in  order  to  compare  their  properties  with  our  native 
forms,  but,  so  far  as  the  knowledge  of  the  writer  goes,  there 
have  been  no  regular  systematic  experiments  conducted  in 
any  state  extending  over  a period  of  several  years,  except  at 
the  Alabama  Station.  Of  course  nothing  definite  can  be  de- 
termined about  any  foreign  plant  until  it  has  become  accli- 
mated by  several  years  careful  cultivation.  The  experi- 
ments at  Auburn  have  been  planned  to  accomplish  first  this 
result, 

The  first  step  taken  in  these  investigations  was,  there- 
fore, to  acclimate  the  plants;  secondly,  to  secure  the  best  re- 
sults possible  in  health  of  plant,  maturity  of  fibre  and  the 
yield  of  lint  that  the  conditions  of  the  soil  and  climate  would 


300 


permit;  and  thirdly,  to  so  blend  the  best  properties  of  the 
foreign  cotton  with  those  of  the  superior  grades  of  Ameri- 
can varieties  as  to  produce  an  exceptionably  fine  cotton 
plant. 

This  bulletin  contains  the  results  secured  through  the 
first  and  second  steps,  and  the  data  are  much  more  gratify- 
ing than  the  author  anticipated.  During  the  season  ot  1895 
several  hundred  crosses  were  made  between  the  best  Amer- 
ican cottons  and  these  foreign  species  and  the  seeds  were 
carefully  gathered  and  assorted  for  cultivation  during  the 
coming  season.  From  the  present  outlook  some  very  inter- 
esting facts  will  be  secured  from  these  experiments.  It  is 
the  intention  of  the  writer  to  issue  a bulletin  after  this  crop 
is  gathered  to  discuss  the  results  secured  by  the  third  step 
in  the  plan  outlined  above. 

In  conducting  these  experiments  the  following  so-called 
varieties  were  secured  from  India,  Egypt  and  Mexico,  and 
most  of  them  were  first  planted  in  1894.  (Three  of  the  va- 
rieties, however,  viz:  Mit  Afifi,  Bamieh  and  Mannoah  were 
first  planted  in  1893): 

Bajwara, 

Bamieh, 

*Bani, 

^Bombay, 

Broach, 

*Bourbon, 

^Creula, 

Deshi, 

Ghoghari, 

*Guchard, 

Herbucco, 

Indrepur, 

*Jari, 

Jakko, 

Mannoah, 

*These  failed  to  germinate. 

{Requires  two  years  for  maturing  balls. 


Mirzapore, 

Mit  Afifi, 

“Mexican  resists  drought,” 
“Mexican,” 

“Mexican,” 

*“Nagpur  jari, 

Narma, 

Nadam, 

Nimari  bani, 

*Painaa, 

JEoji, 

Surat  Kupas, 

*“Tree  cotton”  (Mexico,) 
“Upland  Georgian”  (Mexico,) 
*Wagaria  Wadhwan. 


301 


As  an  indication  of  the  importance  of  continued  and  care- 
ful experiments  with  these  cottons  before  final  conclusions 
are  drawn  the  following  extracts  are  taken  from  bulletin 
No.  65  issued  bj  this  Station  June,  1895.  The  Department 
sent  out  to  the  cooperative  seed  test  experimenters  some  of 
these  foreign  cotton  seeds  before  they  were  acclimated  at 
this  station  and  the  reported  results  of  one  season’s  cultiva- 
tion are  thus  given  : 

Franklin  County. — “Bamieh,  Egypt.  Yield  600  lbs  per 
acre;  quality  good;  growth  vigorous  and  large,  but  bolls  are 
too  small  for  a desirable  cotton.” 

Perry  County. — “India  Cotton  No.  1.  Quality  poor; 
growth  large  stalks;  yield  very  poor;  staple  short,  and  is 
inferior  to  any  of  our  native  varieties.” 

Madison  County. — “Afifi,  Egyptian.  Lint,  cream  colored, 
medium  length  and  very  fine  and  silky.  Appears  to  be 
hardy  as  to  cold;  was  not  injured  by  spring  frosts  when 
other  varieties  were  damaged.  Grows  from  six  to  ten  feet 
high.  Yield  about  300  lbs  per  acre. 

Bibb  County. — “Egyptian  cotton.  Yield  per  acre  very 
poor;  quality  inferior;  lint  short  and  yellow.” 

Tallapoosa  County. — “Egyptian  cotton.  Yield  about  600 
lbs  per  acre.  Lint  very  long  and  strong.  Another  varie- 
ty is  worthless  on  account  of  the  smallness  of  bolls  and  be- 
ing so  few  on  the  stalk.” 

Pickens  County. — “Egyptian  cotton.  Yield  per  acre  about 
200  lbs.  Quality  of  product,  fine  strong  fibre,  dingy  color. 
Stalk  large,  bolls  small,  does  not  pay  for  cultivating.” 

[The  expression  “fine  strong  fibre”  seems  to  contradict 
this  hasty  conclusion.] 

Morgan  County. — “Egyptian  cotton.  Yield  about  200  lbs 
per  acre.  Lint  very  fine  and  weak.  Stalks  from  3 to  6 feet 
high,  very  few  limbs  and  bolls.” 

Chilton  County. — “Egyptian  cotton.  Yield  about  one-third 
bale  per  acre.  Lint  short,  bolls  scattering,  very  large 
growth.” 

Etowah  County. — “Egyptian  cotton.  Complete  failure.” 


302 


Hale  County. — “Egyptian  cotton.  Yield  per  acre  1,200 
lbs.  Quality  good.” 

Blount  County. — “Egyptian  cotton.  Yield  about  400  lbs 
seed  cotton  per  acre.  The  quality  of  the  lint  was  very  fine 
and  yellow.  The  growth  tall,  limbs  long,  bolls  very  small 
and  scattering.” 

Pike  County. — “Egyptian  cotton.  Yield  about  300  lbs  per 
acre.  Growth  rapid,  stalks  from  6 to  10  feet  high.” 

Lauderdale  County. — “Egyptian  cotton.  Yield  about  250 
lbs  per  acre.  Quality  of  product  good.  Growth  vigorous, 
3 to  5 feet  high.  Yield  poor  on  account  of  maturing  so  late. 
Afifi.  Yield  practically  nothing.  Growth  extremely  vigor- 
ous, from  6 to  10  feet  high.” 

The  statements  made  by  these  experimenters  appear 
quite  contradictory  for  the  reason  that  three  important  fac- 
tors are  overlooked.  1.  The  term  “Egyptian  Cotton”  is  too 
indefinite.  The  list  given  on  page  300  will  show  that  there 
are  several  species  growing  in  Egypt  as  prominently  dis- 
tinct from  each  other  as  exists  between  the  so-called 
“Peerless”  and  the  sea  Island  species.  2.  The  soil  in  one 
county  differs  materially  from  that  in  another — particu- 
larly is  this  true  when  the  counties  are  separated  by  the 
length  of  the  state.  3.  The  seeds  sent  out  from  Auburn 
were  those  direct  from  Egypt  and  India,  and  therefore  not 
acclimated. 

The  following  items  in  reference  to  the  derivation  of  the 
local  names  of  these  cottons  may  be  of  interest : 

Broach , Baroach  or  Bharuch , is  a comprehensive  term 
and  is  used  to  indicate  the  finer  grades  of  cotton.  It  is  the 
name  of  a district  in  India. 

Manual ?,  Mannoah  or  Jettooee,  in  its  native  clime  yields 
one-eighth  of  clean  cotton,  but  it  is  cultivated  with  other 
crops.  It  requires  nearly  a year  to  mature. 

Miduopore  or  Mirzapore  is  the  largest  cotton  mart  in  In- 
dia. 

Nadam  is  an  inferior  grade  of  cotton  and  is  grown  in  the 
district  of  the  same  name  in  India  not  for  exportation,  al- 


303 


though  it  is  used  for  adulterating  the  best  grades  which  are 
sent  to  other  countries.  It  is  a triennial  and  poor  bearer, 
and  the  fibre  is  cleaned  with  difficulty. 

Narma  or  Nurma,  sometimes  also  called  Deo-Kupas , is  a 
fine  silky  cotton.  It  is  the  name  of  a section  in  India.  The 
plant  bears  ten  to  twelve  years  in  its  native  country.  The  fibre 
is  more  than  one  inch  long  and  is  used  for  the  manufacture 
of  the  finest  linens.  It  is  cultivated  near  the  temples  for 
making  the  robes  of  priests. 

Surat  Kupas  is  named  after  an  important  seaport  town 
through  which  most  of  the  cotton  from  one  district  is 
shipped.  This  term  is  often  used  in  a general  sense  for  cot- 
ton coming  from  Surat,  Broach,  and  Berar  districts.  Kupas 
signifies  clean  cotton,  or  ginned. 

Wagaria,  Wagriah  or  Wadhwan  is  also  the  name  of  a dis- 
trict in  India  and  represents  an  annual  cotton  growing  to 
the  height  of  2 or  3 feet  with  a single  tapering  stem.  The 
bolls  do  not  open  wide,  but  remain  closed  except  a crack  at 
the  apex.  There  is  considerable  trouble  necessary  to  force 
them  open  and  extract  the  fibre.  The  bolls  are  gathered 
• from  the  plants  and  afterwards  opened  by  children.  This 
cotton  is  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  only  the  coarser 
grades  of  cloth. 

The  other  names  mentioned  in  the  list  are  local  rather 
than  descriptive. 

Prior  to  1810  the  Indian  and  Egyptian  cottons  were 
coarse  and  of  an  inferior  quality.  But  since  that  year  a 
systematic  effort  was  made  by  the  English  Government  to 
improve  the  character  of  the  plant  by  blending  it  with  the 
American  upland  and  sea  Island  varieties  with  remarkable 
success.  The  war  between  the  states  from  1861  to  1865 
greatly  encouraged  the  cultivation  of  cotton  in  these  for- 
eign countries.  Commissioner  Young  in  his  report  of  the  cot- 
ton exhibit  at  the  Paris  Exposition  in  1878,  says  : “From 

this  exhibition  I learned  that  the  cotton  of  all  or  nearly  all 
of  thejlndian  provinces  has  been  greatly  improved  by  the 
introduction  of  American  seed,^  [It  was  in  Dharwarjthat  our 


304 


American  planters  obtained  the  greatest  success,  and  I am 
told  that  the  entire  crop  in  this  province  is  now  from  seed 
originally  American.” 

BOTANICAL  CLASSIFICATION. 

A careful  examination  of  the  foreign  cottons  under  con- 
sideration would  classify  them  as  follows  : 

1.  Gossypium  herbaceum  var  microcarpum  Tod : Broach, 

Ghoghari. 

2.  G.  Wightianum  Tod:  Nadam,  Deshi,  Jakko,  Roji,  Ni- 
mari  bani. 

3.  G.  roseum  var  albiflorum.  Tod  : Indrepur,  Ghoghari, 
Surat  Kupas,  Mirzapore,  Roji. 

4.  G.  hirsutum  var  album  Tod:  Indrepur,  Herbucco, 

Surat  Kupas,  Mirzapore. 

5.  G.  maritimum  Tod:  Jakko,  Manuah,  Mit  Afifi. 

6.  G.  maritimum  var  polycarpum  Tod:  Bamieh. 

7.  G.  Brazililiense  Macf:  Guchard,  Creulo. 

The  seed,  when  delivered  at  Auburn  in  1893  and  1894, 
were  badly  mixed,  rendering  it  difficult  in  most  instances,  to 
determine  which  plant  represented  the  local  name  given  on 
the  package.  It  will  thus  be  noted  that  in  the  above  seven 
species  and  varieties  the  same  local  name  has  been  repeated. 
After  gathering  the  first  year’s  crop  the  seeds  were  careful- 
ly assorted,  however,  and  the  classification  made  as  above 
stated. 

A detailed  description  of  these  species  is  given  in  accord- 
ance with  “Relazione  sulla  Cultura  dei  Cotoni — Monografia 
del  Genere  Gossypium”  by  Agostino  Todaro. 

1.  Gosypium  herbaceum , var  microcarpum  Tod.  Stem  erect, 
covered  with  long  soft  hair ; branches  spreading,  slightly  pyramidal ; 
leaves  3-5  lobed,  rarely  7 lobed,  lobes  rotandate  obtuse,  apex  min- 
utely mucronate  ; stipules  linear  lanceolate,  acuminate  very  short; 
peduncle  erect  and  nearly  equal  to  half  of  peteole  ; bracts  ovat 1 cor- 
date, with  sharp  cut  teeth,  general  outline  of  bract  leaf  rotundate, 
bases  united ; coralla  longer  than  the  bracts,  obovate,  unequally 
wedge  shaped,  yellow,  marked  at  base  with  purple  spots,  after  flow- 
ering the  outside  surface  turns  reddish ; bolls  small  ovate,  hardly 


305 


subrotundate,  apex  deeply  hollowed  out,  4-5  celled,  cells  6-7  seeded  ; 
seeds  ovate,  short  mucronate  at  hilum,  covered  with  thick  closely 
adhering  fibre,  in  some  cases  white  ash-gray,  short,  in  other  cases 
rather  long  and  white. 

Broach — Ghoghari. 

2.  Gossypium  Wightianum  Tod.  Stem. erect  and  covered  with  soft 

hairs;  branches  spreading,  slightly  ascending,  leaves  rather  rotun- 
date,  obscurely  obcordate,  3-5  lobed,  lobes  ovate,  obtuse  with  bases 
drawn  together  or  wrinkled,  the  depressions  between  two  lobes 
obtuse  with  small  dentiformed  lobes  now  and  then 

interjected,  stipules  semiovate,  somewhat  sickle  shaped? 

otherwise  linear  lanceolate,  all  acuminate;  peduncles  erect 
during  the  blooming  period  but  recurved  during  fruit- 
ing; bracts  ovate,  very  small,  base  united,  cordate,  acute, 
small  serrated;  corolla  longer  than  bracts,  obovate,  unequal- 
ly shaped,  yellow,  base  spotted  dark  purple  but  after  flower  opens, 
petals  turn  red  ; bolls  very  small,  ovate,  8-seeded  ; seeds  small  ovate- 
subrotundate,  densely  covered  with  fibre ; fibre  short  and  closely 
adhering  and  white. 

Nadam,  Deshi— Jakko — Roji — Nimari  barie. 

3.  Gossypium  martimum , Tod.  Glabrous,  stem  erect,  branched, 
tall ; branches  graceful,  spreading,  subpyramidal  ascending,  and 
later  recurving;  leaves rotundate-ovate,  sub-cordate,  3-5  lobed, some- 
times intermingled  with  other  entire  leaves,  lobes  ovate,  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, or  lanceolate-oblong,  depressions  between  lobes  subrotun- 
date; single  peduncle  above  the  axis  of  leaf  and  stem,  an  inch  long 
during  flowering  period,  but  afterwards  elongating;  bracts  broadly 
ovate,  cordate,  adhering  at  middle  of  base  with  calyx,  but  not 
coalescing  among  themselvs  , deeply  cut  into  lobes,  lobes  near  base 
slightly  broader,  lanceolote,  terminating  with  an  elongated 
point;  corolla  longer  than  bracts,  petals  yellow,  or  pale  sulphur  col- 
or, not  entirely  expanded  during  flowering  period  ; lower  part  of  style 
free  from  stamens  and  equal  in  length  to  anther-benring  column. 
Style  somewhat  three  parted  ; boll  ovate-conical,  acute,  three  to  four 
celled,  6-9  seeded;  seeds  beaked  at  hilum,  black,  smooth  and  covered 
with  long  silky  fibre. 

Jakko,  Manuah,  Mit  Afifi. 

4.  Gossypium  mar  itimum  var  poly  carp  um  Tod.  Stem  erect,  simple; 
1-3  peduncles  in  the  axis  of  each  leaf ; few  if  any  branches. 

Bamieh. 

5.  Gossypium  roseum  var  albiflorum  Tod.  Stem  erect,  branches 
slender,  spreading  profusely,  pyramidal,  slightly  ascending;  leaves 
palmate  parted,  cordate,  marginally  fringed  with  hairs,  segments  5-7? 
lanceolate  acute,  base  somewhat  narrowed,  depression  rotundate, 


306 


two  lower  segments  containing  little  interjected  lobes  ; stipule  near 
peduncle  semiovate.  dentate,  the  other  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat 
curved  like  a scythe,  both  acute  and  covered  with  downy  hairs 
bracts  rotundate  covered  with  long  weak  hairs  through- 
out its  entire  length,  ovate,  cordate,  deeply  dentate  from  apex  to 
middle,  in  the  lower  portions  much  less  dentate,  half  united  ; flow- 
ers bell  shaped  and  corolla  is  about  equal  in  length  to  the  bracts. 
Short  bract-like  petals  of  corolla  in  the  act  of  flowing  approximate- 
ly convolute  in  the  tube,  obovate,  base  coalescing  to  each  other  al- 
most contracted  into  a claw,  apex  rotundate,  dirty  white,  and  pur- 
ple spotted  from  the  base  nearly  to  the  middle;  calyx  base  con- 
tracted unequally  dentate  ; naked  anther  column  pubescent  beneath, 
the  remaining  portion  of  style  tube  anther-bearing;  boll  very  small 
ovate-acuminate,  reddish,  three  celled,  cells  5-6  seeded;  seeds 
clothed  with  thick  fibre,  in  some  instances  ash  gray,  very  short  and 
strongly  adherent,  while  in  other  cases  the  fibre  is  short  and  rather 
reddish. 

Ghoghari — Indrepur-Mirzapore — Surat  Kupas — Rogi. 

6.  Gossypium  hirsutum  var  album , Tod.  Stem  erect,  branches 
spreading,  slightly  ascending,  pyramidal,  hairy  ; leaves  ovate  rotun- 
date cordate,  3-5  lobed,  those  found  at  end  of  branches  are  at 
times  acute  and  entire,  h'bes  truncate-semiovate,  subtriangular, 
acute  or  acuminate,  the  middle  lobes  larger  and  longer,  at  fold  acute 
plicate;  stipules  ovate  lanceolate,  unequalateral,  sharp  rigid  pointed, 
the  other  portion  lanceolate  acuminate;  bracts  large  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, in  the  upper  portion  deeply  cut  into  many  narrow  lobes,  in 
the  lower  part  simply  dentate,  the  clefts  are  elongate  linear  pro- 
duced at  the  apex  into  an  attenuated  point;  corolla  large,  longer 
than  bracts,  during  flowering  period  considerably  expanded,  petals 
pale  sulphur  color,  afterwards  rolling  up  and  turning  red  ; style 
long,  exserted;  boll  large,  walnut  shaped,  generally  four  celled, 
apex  rotundate  terminating  abruptly  into  a short  point;  seeds  ovate 
covered  with  short  white  fibre  firmly  adherent. 

Indrepur — Herbuceo — Surat  Kupas — Mirzapore. 

7.  Gossypium  Brazililience  Macf.  Stem  strongly,  shrubby,  erect, 
branched;  leaves  very  deeply  cordate,  5 7 lobes,  widely  radiate, 
spread  out  below  the  base  nearly  the  length  of  the  petiole ; bracts 
ovate-rotundate,  longer  than  the  convoluted  corolla,  deeply  cut  into 
narrow  lobes;  boll  ovate,  acuminate,  shorter  than  bracts,  cells  7-fl 
seeded,  seeds  closely  adherent,  wrapped  up  in  long  fibre. 

Guchard — Creulo. 


1 Gramme  is  equivalent  to  15.43  grains  ; 1 Millimeter  is  0.039  of  an  inch. 


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